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Vote dilution claims, which usually include redistricting plans or at-large voting systems, have produced a complicated judicial doctrine resulting from several high-profile Supreme Court choices. Legal history of the change to Area 2, mainly in the form of a Senate Judiciary Committee report, provided a number of aspects that courts might think about in evaluating the totality of the situations.

Gingles, the Supreme Court examined these elements in clarifying the test for a vote dilution claim. The court held that a successful claim needs showing that: (1) the affected minority group is sufficiently large to choose a representative of its choice; (2) the minority group is politically cohesive; and (3) white majority citizens vote sufficiently as a bloc to generally beat the minority group's favored prospects.

De, Grandy, 1994), and that, to please the first Gingles requirement, the minority group should show that it might make up a bulk in some theoretical district, not merely that it could serve as the swing vote in a competitive district (Bartlett v.  Click Here For Additional Info , 2009). Other cases (including Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Board of Elections and Cooper v.